Overview of Ethernet Technology

Overview of Ethernet Technology Ethernet Network2 Research Assignment Reem Alajmi Introduction Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements. In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices. It is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the worlds telecommunications networks. In this research, we shall discuss interface options for Ethernet and the optical transport network (OTN) beyond 100G. 100G Ethernet technologies give carriers the flexibility to phase in the implementation of thesehigher-speed rates to better align capacity increases with their specific growth and budget strategies. As we will see, 100G single wavelength channel is capable of significant cost reduction for the required component. Also we will have a look into HECTO project. Because of the increasing Ethernet traffic in networks, in this paper you will find some Ethernet services should be scaled by Ethernet infrastructure which will protects the traffic. 100G Ethernet With the reality of 100G ethernet, the community has recently started to increase its ambitions to look into technology beyond 100G. Nowadays, ethernet is keeping up with the plethora of data services that drive exponential network traffic growth between 40 and 90 percent per year. IEEE 802.3 has 10x bit rate scaling by incorporating 40G ethernet into the 100G standard. This way shows us the increasing technology gap between desired ethernet rates and cutting-edge serial transmission bit rate in 100 LAN technologies. For the 100G WAN technologies, they need to accommodate exponentional rising traffic demands increasing per-fiber WDM capacities. In the future, there might be 400G LAN technology. It will likely continue the parallel transmission approach by 100G Ethernet, but the degree of 400G Ethernet is higher comparing to the 100G Ethernet standard. For 400G WAN technology options it must be higher spectral efficiencies to allow increase WDM system capacities. Nowadays,1 Tb/s interface rates differ. 1 T Ethernet and OTN will almost certainly need significantly parallel transport interface in the LAN and in the WAN. High-speed components for 100G Ethernet transmission in one wave length only To transmit 100G b/s on multiple wave length is almost impossible because of the partitioning of the signal and the different speed at which the lower-rate signals propagate through the fiber. So, the transmission of signal at 100 G b/s data rate on one wave length seems to be simple and straight forward by using on-off-keying (OOK). There is also a way to make this transmission works. We can use quadrature phase shift keying with polarization multiplexing and coherent detection. This phase carries the information of 4bits instead of 1bit, but the transmission is very expensive because of the complexity of it. The utilization of four wave length and 25 G b/s for each sub signal is the result of comparing a low number of wave lengths and the low bit rate of the sub signal. HECTO HECTO is the name of a project done by European commission which is the short-term of: (High-speed Electro-optical Components for Integrated Transmitter and Receiver in optical Communications). The idea of this project is to develop the circuits for a rate of 112G b/s with error-free operation. The goal of HECTO is to make 100 Gb/s Ethernet cost efficient components for electrical to optical as well as optical to electrical conversion. These converters should be developed as integrated devices to achieve high-performance devices and cost-efficient technologies. Also the project tries to develop both components in tight cooperation. Dedicated system experiment were planned to investigate the proper interaction between the transmitter component ant the receiver component. The transmitter and the receiver for fiber optical communications should be able to be manufactured as products after completion of the project based on serial 100 GbE signals requiring about 100G b/s. The result achieved by the HECTO consortium would strongly impact the telecommunications industry and overall network-user community. Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure OAM Ethernet is now expanding to inter-metro virtual private network (VPN) services as a layer 2 alternative to multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) VPN services. It is poised to become the dominant backhand interface for mobile services with the deployment of fourth generation technology. Service provider Ethernet architectures have evolved because of the increasing volume of Ethernet traffic and broad ended of application for Ethernet. By using platforms that utilized Ethernet ports effectively and provide significant Ethernet aggregation back toward the service edge. Ethernet support OAM tools that enable providers to capitalize the simplicity and flexibility of Ethernet OAM protocol comprise four components: configuration and service provisioning, fault indication, diagnostic functions, and performance monitoring. These protocols operate at different layers within the Ethernet stack: Discovery layer that discover attributes of physical links on network elements Transport layer which is the physical or link layer. It is a link monitoring and remote failure indication. Network layer deals with the forwarding of Ethernet frames based on tunnel identifiers within the frame. It is used as the aggregation component for the services layer. Service layer deals with individual service instances. This layer uses 3 protocols: IFFF 802.1ag , MEF 16 E-LMI ( Ethernet- local Management interface), and 1TU-T Y.1731. it helps operators turn up services and support measurements of performance parameters at the service instance granularity. Ethernet aggregation and transport network must have protection. There are 2 ethernet forwarding mechanisms that provide Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure, first: Ethernet aggregation and transport over point-to-point VLAN(s), second: Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport over IEEE 802.1 Qay(PBB-TE). These mechanisms meet all the functional and availability requirements for Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport layer and create point-to-point Ethernet networks with no MAC learning and flooding functions enable. Conclusions 100G Ethernet and OTN are employing the highest serial bit rates. For 400G it seems to be available in both LAN and WAN. And for the components developed in HECTO potentially have set the stage for cheaper 100GBE by transmitting on one wave length only with one transceiver instead of using 4 wave lengths. Key Ethernet OAM and protection switching protocols are essential enhancement to evolve Ethernet beyond a simple switch metro enterprise service. References: From IEEE magazines: COMG_20100701_Jul_2010 COMG_20090201_Feb_2009

Good People in Cannery Row Essay

John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row, on its surface, is a very simplistic book in which its plot does not have any significant impact on its universe, let alone its characters. However, if one might delve deeper into Steinbeck’s clever subtext and rich overtones, a world of bliss and beauty can be found. Cannery Row, is a book where its characters are self-described as â€Å"Whores, Pimps, gamblers, and sons of bitches† and yet called â€Å"Saints and angels and martyrs and holy men† on the very same page (405). The point of these contradictions is to comment on society’s view of Morality. This is specifically noted when one of the main Characters, Doc, says â€Å"It has always seemed strange to me†¦The things we admire in men, kindness and generosity, openness, honesty, understanding and feeling, are the concomitants of failure in our system. And those traits we detest, sharpness, greed, acquisitiveness, meanness, egotism and self-interest, are the traits of success.† When referring a group of Former homeless men called Mack and the boys (505). Mack and the boys are a group of bums that live in the row, and often do nothing but drink alcohol. These men never do anything necessarily heroic, or daring, or even Courageous, but these men are the most moral individuals in the entirety of Cannery Row. Through the Scenes following Mack and the Boys, John Steinbeck develops Idea that despite their lack of ambition, they are viewed as morally upstanding individuals, who have a positive impact on society. With their happy go lucky nature, and simple needs, these men can achieve the impossible. One might think that they are very unintelligent individuals due to their standard of living, but that couldn’t be farther than the truth. Time and time again they prove themselves to be people that are not only capable, but show extraordinary prowess in certain fields. One of these men, for instance was gay. When referring to his mechanical ability, Steinbeck narrates â€Å"Indeed there are men near   Whom a car runs better. And such a one was gay. His fingers on a timer or a carburetor adjustment screw were gentle and wise and sure.† The way he listens to the ills of automatons, it is of no impossibility he could have become a wealthy mechanic, fixing cars in a garage of his owning. Gay Instead enjoys his time at the flop house, drinking and talking the day away. All Gay really wants, is to have a good time, and for the others around him to do the same. This is a key component of why gay is a moral citizen of society. Gay is often able to do wrong, but never is willing. Gay lives with an abusive Wife, which constantly beats him. He never wants to, but occasionally he has to return the favor. He used to get thrown into jail because of this, but that he liked the conditions in jail, so his wife beats him while he sleeps instead/ Gay, specifically, is an interesting case, because he has a life in which is deeper than one might believe. he is the only one to have a life of suburbia waiting for him. Gay lived a world in which he had a house and a loving wife. Through another lens, Gay was trapped in a cage with a woman that beats him so much that being put in jail is sweet relief. Despite this, Gay eventually always choses to go back to his wife. He believes that he is wrong in the situation and returns to his wife trying to be a better man. That truly is the reason why he is an upstanding person. He’s a very humble and simple creature, who just wishes to enjoy life. Another Example of such ambition would the leader of the group, Mack. Mack is by far, is the flop house’s driving force. When leading the group, he is a moral center, and the speaker of wisdom; when alone, he is a very tragic man. Throughout the book, Mack and the boys only ambition was to throw a party for Doc, a local good Samaritan. When this ambition ends in failure, he proclaims: It don’t do good to say I’m sorry. I’ve been sorry all my life†¦I had a wife†¦same thing. Ever’thing I done turn sour. She couldn’t stand it no more. If I done a good thing it got poisoned up some way†¦I don’t do nothin’ but clown no more. Try to make the boys laugh. (496) Mack seemingly is the only one who doesn’t lack ambition by choice. Whilst in with the other, Mack often is the one to set goals, albeit small ones. This is where the true tragedy of his character comes in. No matter what he does, or hard he works, all of his plans inevitably turn to failure. Mack is a man of good intentions, and made of good morals, but he is seemingly cursed with bad luck, and the world reacts as such. One of Mack’s greatest qualities is his way with words. A lesser person might use his power of speech craft to control the populace, and shape the world in his image, but Mack just wants to have fun. Whenever he uses this sort of power, he is always talking about doing something for someone else. The adventures of Mack and the boys is filled with irony: Gay having a wife that beats him, Hazel likes conversation, but hates talking, or having a party for someone who doesn’t attend. Perhaps the most ironic of all is that despite their lack of ambition and lazy attitude, their actions Influence everyone around them. All throughout cannery row, people would look on to these men, and get inspired in some way. One of the greatest examples of such inspiration is the aforementioned Doc. Even though Mack and the Boys destroyed his home by throwing a party for him, without him, he still holds them in high regard. â€Å"The sale of souls to gain the whole world is completely voluntary and almost unanimous—but not quite†¦You know how they tried to give me a party and it went wrong. But they wanted to give me a party. That was their impulse. â€Å"(505). What Doc is saying here, is that he respects the lifestyle that Mack and the Boys have chosen, and thinks of them as moral even though things don’t go their way. This is  Implied in a number of ways. Initially, he denotes the idea of throwing the party was on a whim of theirs. This is a Reference to the continuing notion of their lack of aspiration. Mack and the Boys don’t do things for certain reasons, they just decide to act whence they get the inspiration. Furthermore, he begins with a metaphor comparing the Consumerist system, a place where you have to work for a place you often hate, to selling your soul, giving away your humanly essence and personality. This metaphor works well contrasting with the boys, to those who seemingly suffer from working into monotony. Doc is implicating that their way of spontaneity is a way wherein they have the capability to do good. Steinbeck often uses these sections with Doc to illustrate the importance of the boy’s actions. Whenever Doc speaks of them, he outlines how â€Å"[business] men are sick men†, and how the boys are â€Å"healthy and strangely clean† (504). Mack and the boys don’t have that thirst that humans often have. That hunger for Silver stitching and velvet bed sheets. Steinbeck uses a group of happy homeless men as a symbol for the importance of caring for one another, while living in the moment. Mack and the boys outline how to do well in life, without selling one’s soul for wealth and power. Morality is often a tricky subject to tackle – and often when it is tackled, it’s not done well—But Steinbeck has it pegged. One might think that things such as be considerate of one another and be humble would be simple Ideologies for a book to go behind, Steinbeck does it justice. Cannery Row Shows just how people react to good deeds, as misguided as they are. John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row, on its surface, is a very simplistic book, but it is so much more.

‘QWERTY’ Keyboard

1. Where does the name ‘QWERTY’ Keyboard come from?It comes from the top six keys on the keyboard, starting with leftmost in the keyboard which read they read exactly ‘q', ‘w', ‘e', ‘r', ‘t', ‘y'. The QWERTY keyboard was invented by Christopher Sholes who was issued a patent for a typewriter on July 14, 1868. The QWERTY keyboard is named after the five letter keys located at the top left side of the keyboard and is now the official standard of computer keyboards (ISO 9995). Today, the QWERTY keyboard is the most commonly found and used computer keyboard in the United States.2. Why do you think the QWERTY keyboard is the most popular method of data entry?The QWERTY keyboard is the most popular method of entering data because an easy way of usage and when you get used to it you start typing faster.3. Who might make use of a concept keyboard?A concept keyboard might be used by a fast food restaurant and primary schools4. What are the bene fits of using a concept keyboard?It is much faster for making non-text selections such as menu choices on the till of a fast food outlet. The keyboard is also waterproof which can be useful where there is dirt or the risk of splashes.5. Explain why a mouse often called a pointing deviceA mouse is often called a pointing device because it enables you to control what happens on the screen by moving the mouse on your desk and pointing, clicking and selecting items on the screen.6. Describe the difference between a mouse and a tracker ball? The difference between a mouse and a tracker ball are that a trackerball moved against two internal rollers to record the direction that the mouse was being moved in and a mouse uses ‘optical' or ‘wireless' technology to track mouse movement.7. Which type of input device would you choose if you were going to play a ‘shoot ‘em up’ computer game?If you were going to play a shoot em up computer game you would use a joystic k8. Who is likely to use a Graphics Tablet and why?Graphics tablets are most likely to be used by graphics designers and illustrators because it is much more natural to draw diagrams with a pencil type implement (the stylus) rather than with a mouse and its very accurate9. Explain briefly how scanners workA scanner works by shining a beam of light onto the surface of the object that you are scanning. This light is then reflected back onto a sensor that detects the colour of the light. This is then used to build up the digital image.

One Time I Helped Someone Essays

One Time I Helped Someone Essays One Time I Helped Someone Essay One Time I Helped Someone Essay It was back in first grade, we had a big house, my parents were doctors and Im studying In a good school. I was rich back then. When I first met this half Chinese person named William 1. Mm, I TLD care at all. My dad hired him for the reason to work for our family. For one thing, he drives me and my siblings to school. I guess he was a driver. I always see him cleaning off the leaves from the roof, washing the cars, and watering the garden. I didnt talk to him; I Just know he is getting paid for what he does. After school, he came to pick us up and I suddenly heard, Your name Ingrain, right? I nodded and gave him a smile. I made a friend with a 30-year old man, It was unbelievable but I TLD think that way. He was someone I could talk to, I could play with, and hes the kind of person you can get along so easily. One time, I saw him by the window watering the orchids and plants. I went downstairs to look how he does the watering. He saw me and said Hi there! I smiled and went closer to him. Whats that? I asked. Its a fertilizer. He replied. Why do you put that? I asked again. Its for the plants to grow healthy. I keep on asking questions but he never gets tired of answering. So basically, I was a kid who needs answers. He was like a teacher and hes a good artist too, Whenever I have projects, he would give me his time to do it. When he picks me up at school, and by the time I finished my homework, I would go to him and spend time asking and learning new things from him. He was a good man after all. William was a poor guy. He has a wife and four children to feed. My dad let him move and build a simple house on a lot we owned. With that, he wont have to pay any rent. I grew up and still he was there, still working for our family, still a driver. My dad find him very loyal and I do too. I have a lot more thinking than before but Im still a kid to him and our friendship grew even more. At school, we were waiting for my sister in the car, and all we do is to debate. We would talk about certain things and before you know it, the subject changes. That time I knew I was killing the time and having fun. He didnt finish school but he knows a lot of things. Why do you know these things? I asked him one time when he was at the garden. All he said was, Its all about experience. And I was wondering to myself, Whats that mean? It was confusing at first but I finally get the message. Just Like me, I learn new things from asking especially with him. I never thought It would be that fun. I help him bathe the dogs; I would join him to buy something my mom asked. He was Just hired as a driver but he still gave time and effort to do the things hes not supposed to. He was truly amazing. I know a guy like him has some troubles too. He once told me, hes son got sick and cant afford medicine. I said, now that my parents are doctors, they would be glad to help you. Sunday night, I was watching TV at my parents room and we suddenly heard a doorbell. Ingrain, get It. My dad ordered. I stood up, walking down the stairs thinking, Its 10:30 in the evening, who could it be. I picked up the door and saw William by the gate. He looks alone and I wonder why hes here in the middle of the night. I open the gate and he wasnt alone, I saw him carrying his child. Whats wrong? I asked. Is your dad there? Fee He looks very troubled. My son is sick so can you ask your dad If you could check him up? Okay, you better come Inside. I said. I hurried up to my parents room Ana tell teem Williams nerve. My ciao chicken Nils son Ana sake me to get ten medicine from the box. I know my dad would help because he was the kind of doctor who helps the person in need. I gave him the medicine we have at home and the good thing is he doesnt h ave to pay. I was happy for him and hoped for his son to get well. Unfortunately, the next morning, it was Monday; its time for him to drive us to school. I asked him about his son, its not looking good. Oh. I said sadly. Can I borrow some money? I know I heard him right but I asked myself why. Mimi see, my son badly sick and I cant afford money. He added. I know I get allowances from my parents and I barely use it, but I didnt expect those words to be hearing from him. My brother and sister were coming and I said, Ill give you later after school. Definitely it was hesitation I felt. My day starts, thinking about Williams problem. Out of the blue, he Just asked a kid like me for money. I came home and look by the window and saw him wiping the car, and I made a decision. I came downstairs and gave him an envelope. Thank you very much; Ill pay you back little by little. He really looks happy but still troubled. Sure, but dont think about it that much, I can wait you know. I replied and he smiled. I was kind of happy that day. I dont know why but I was happy I did something good. At school, the teacher always teaches us about helping people and I never thought I would be doing that. I never told my parents about this nor did William. It was a secret between us. The reason I didnt tell my parents was there was no need for them to know, its what I thought. It was time for me to act on my own, I need to make decision. He needs the money more than I do, even though Im Just a kid, he needed my help. Its been nine years now, I grew and grew. William was there, watching me grow up. I still help him, even though its from own things, I still would find a good way to help him. I didnt regret the first time I helped him. Im Just happy I was helping someone and giving smiles to him and to his Emily. I still didnt tell my parents, I know what I did, what I decided was right. When Christmas comes, I would give away my old stuff, my old clothes to him. Besides, I will not use it anymore, and his children need it. Hes still a driver and I would still ask him questions, still learning new things from him and still be helping him. That one day I helped William taught me something, something William said, Its all about experience. I finally know the answer. There may be new challenges to come but things here always go back the way it should be.

The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy The WritePass Journal

The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy Abstract The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy : 33) In turn, this will end up hurting the most powerful sovereign nation, which will find it increasingly difficult to maintain military hegemony without the ability to print out as many dollars as it needs. The erosion of political sovereignty as a result of the Great Recession of 2008 and the reaction to it by the ‘Second World’ goes hand in hand with the idea of privatisation of economic power, managed at supranational and extraterritorial level by powerful private concerns (Khanna, 2008: 41). These supranational concerns are in the process of setting up their own regulatory schemes, imposed on individual territorial states, which are finding it increasingly difficult to resist them. My preliminary findings show that the realignment of economic international systems is the main conduit by which harmonisation leading to an hegemonic shift in favour of China will be activated. In addition, there is a definite reaction by what I would call the Shanghai Cooperation Orga nisation bloc (notably China and Russia, but also the likes of India and Iran). The harmonisation process is proceeding apace in the West. This reaction in the Second World is generating its own kind of harmonisation. The political sovereignty of nations could also be further impaired by the conflict that will arise as a result of it. Trying to eliminate the logic of anarchy brings with it the possibility of conflict. As Schmitt put it, the political cannot exist outside the realm of conflict. It is expected that the United States will not let China accumulate the necessary military capabilities in order to establish itself as the new hegemon. Preliminary findings There are several factors which enables us to think that a hegemonic transition is taking place. A massive, imposing display of Chinese-constructed fighter aircraft and other military equipment was used to commemorate the 60th anniversary of communist Chinas founding, on 1 October, 2009. At the same time, Chinas space industry was rapidly burgeoning and continuing to develop. Along with the fact that the Chinese economy continued to expand during a global recession and a rising position on the world political stage, these technological advances indicate Chinas movement towards the status of a world superpower. While the rest of the world struggled in 2009, the Chinese economy exemplified a remarkable flexibility in returning to significant growth. The Chinese government attributes this economic resilience to Chinas blend of communism with capitalism, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach taken by the West (Guthrie, 1999: 122). In early 2009, a migration of millions of workers from urban areas to rural locales resulted from the closure of factories that produced exports on the east coast and south coast of China. The steep price of fuel and food had put pressure on household budgets in 2008, and in order to halt inflation, stringent financial and credit policies were set in place. These policies caused the construction industry to dip, as well as a slump in the property market. In response, the Chinese government created a stimulus package in November 2008 that was worth 4 trillion yuan (about $586 billion). Approximately 50% of the stimulus package was set aside for improving infrastructure, such as railways and airports, primarily in rural regions, while a further 25% was designated for the Sichuan province, which had been severely affected by a May 2008 earthquake and was in need of rebuilding. Banks were ordered to increase lending, and the result was a 164% upsurge of loans in the first three quarters of 2009. This facilitated a rebound of the economy, which occurred far more quickly than in other countries. (Wright, 2010: 221). Additionally, the latter part of the year saw the recovery of exports, which set China up to overtake Germany as the top exporter world-wide. As a result, speculation grew as to whether China could reclaim the dominant position that it once held prior to the early 1800s, at which time it provided roughly one third of manufacturing in the world, compared to just 25% of manufacturing in the West. This outcome was rendered more probably by a trade deal with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations that transpired at the end of the year. As the worlds largest creditor, China had a symbiotic and mutually beneficial relationship with the U.S., the globes biggest debtor, that had become vital in the effort to rebalance the global economy. Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the Peoples Bank of China (PBOC) issued a statement on 23 March 2009 that called for an interna tional currency that would replace the U.S. dollar as the primary global currency and would remain unattached to individual countries; he argued that this currency would have increased stability over time. The Peoples Bank of China also proposed that Special Drawing Rights, which were designed in 1969 by the IMF for utilisation between international institutions and governments, might be employed on a wider scale and used as payment in international finance and trade transactions. This would reduce fluctuations in price and the risks associated with these fluctuations. The initiative was made again at the yearly Group of Eight (G-8) summit that took place in Italy in July 2009. Delegates from China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa (also known as the Group of Five) were also invited to the summit, where China, along with India and Russia (a G-8 member) called for an overhaul of the global financial system and a halt to dollar domination. In the latter part of September 2009, the president of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick, cautioned that the U.S. dollar faced an increasing threat due to the rising force of both the euro and the Chinese yuan. At this juncture China had surpassed Japan as the main creditor of the U.S.; there were concerns coming from Beijing that the $800.5 billion value of U.S. Treasury securities, along with other assets that constituted 60% of Chinas foreign-exchange reserves and 30% of foreign-exchange reserves globally, would be attenuated by American debt and decreasing confidence in the U.S. dollar. Â  China presented a temporary solution, which was to resist purchasing U.S. Treasury stock and, more significantly, to advocate the utilisation of the yuan as a world currency. (Kim, 2010: 49). Bibliography Arrighi, G., Capitalism and the Modern World-System: Rethinking the Non-debates of the 1970s Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Vol. 21, No. 1 (1998), pp. 113-129 Arrighi, G. The Three Hegemonies of Historical Capitalism, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Volume 13, Number 3 (Summer, 1990), pp. 365-408 Basch, L. et al (1993) Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Gordon and Breach, London Bobbitt, Philip (2002) The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History. New York, Alfred Knopf Bryson, J. Nick, H., Keebie, D. and Martin, R. (1999) The Economic Geography Reader: Producing and Consuming Global Capitalism, Wiley, New York Dilly, R. (1992) Contesting Markets: Analyses of Ideology, Discourse and Practice, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Fukuyama, F. (1992) The Last Man and the End of History, Free Press. New York Gill, S. (Ed.) (1993)Â  Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Gilpin, R. (1981) War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Guthrie, D. (1999) Dragon in a Three-Piece Suit: The Emergence of Capitalism in China, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Harvey, D. (2005) The New Imperialism, Oxford University Press, Oxford Holub, R. (1992) Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism, Routledge, New York Jacques, M. (2009) When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order, Penguin Press, New York Jansson, B. (2001) The Sixteen-Trillion-Dollar Mistake: How the U.S. Bungled Its National Priorities from the New Deal to the Present, Columbia University Press, New York Khanna, P. (2008) The Second World, Penguin Books, London Kim, Yong-Ki, The Rise of G20 and Koreas Response , SERI Quarterly. Volume: 3. Issue: 4 October 2010, pp. 49-66 Kindleberger, C. Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy, International Studies Quarterly 25(2) (1981), pp. 242-54 Mandel, E. (1995) Long Waves of Capitalist Development, Verso, London Marx, K. (1863) The Capital, Volume III, marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm MCCarthy, G. (1990) Marx and the Ancients: Classical Ethics, Social Justice, and Nineteenth-Century Political Economy, Rowman and Littlefield, Savage, MD Organski, A.F.K. (1969) World Politics, Knopf, New York Suominen, K. (2012) Peerless and Periled: The Paradox of American Leadership in the World Economic Order, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Wright, T. (2010) Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in Chinas Reform Era, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA

James F. OGorman and Vitruvius Architectural Ideals Essay - 3

James F. OGorman and Vitruvius Architectural Ideals - Essay Example Design of buildings has been computerized to incorporate software that will come up with perfect designs. The architect and the client come up with the most viable design after considering costs, space and other limiting factors that may operate in the building process. A building program will enable the architect to come up how best to erect the building while considering the needs of the client and the state rules to be followed. This paper will elaborate on how the architectural design of the University of Minnesota Twin Cities compares to the Architecture by James O’Gorman and Vitruvius ideals. James O’Gorman ideals explain that the foundations of a building need to be firm so that the building is stable. Weak foundations will mean that the whole building will be weak hence it may collapse or repair will be expensive in case of damages on the building. The building program will entail a written expression of the building, and from this, the builders will incorporate the ideas to erect a stable building. The architect will work on the program to change it to a three-dimensional figure, which is the building. The shapes and sizes of the rooms in the building will be determined by the needs of clients of the building. The shape is determined by the type of building type, its purpose and the timeline the building is built (Gorman, 21). The Gothic cathedral is an example of a building in the historical context that applies the use of planning on the space of buildings. Symmetry is used in the designs to come up with buildings that will stand out as works of superior archi tectural designs. For buildings to be excellent works of architecture, symmetry needs to be applied to make buildings appealing to the viewer's eyes. The University of Minnesota twin cities express the idea of, firmness, symmetry, beauty  and space in its design.  

How does light and sound travel in water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

How does light and sound travel in water - Essay Example Usually, temperature varies from about 28Â °F around either North and South poles, or 90Â °F or above near the Equator or around the Tropics. Salinity or saltiness of the sea water, differs roughly from 32 to 38 ppt. Its impact on sound waves or sound speed is often minor, but salinity rates by the virtue of its location—for instance, near the land or masses of sea ice—can have remarkable impact. In constant coefficients, change in speed of sound through temperature changes increases by +3 meters per second; while there is approximately +.5 meters per second per change in 30 meters in sea depth; and by change of per ppt. salinity, about +1.2 meters per second; The SSP, or sound speed profile, is used to measure the combined effects of temperature, salinity and depth in relation to sound speeds. It is a vertical column of water consisting of an iso-speed layer (also called the mixed surface layer). Under it, there is a seasonal thermocline which measures down to 250 meters; and below, the larger main thermocline. Due to the changes of the water’s temperature, there exist variations in the SSP. Under the main thermocline, the temperature is usually constant. Also, because of depth, changes in pressure slowly increase and therefore give the dominant impact on the SSP. Absorption occurs when the energy in the sound waves is absorbed by the water itself, as sound moves through a body of water. It is followed by the shrinking of the original sound waves’ magnitude (amplitude). Light also travels in water, as sounds do, since it goes in waves. Water absorbs light and its different wavelengths at different values depending on the depth of the body of water, or the clarity or turbidity of the water. The speed of light depends on the optical density of the water—and light travels more slowly in water than it does in air. As water absorbs light, it reduces the light’s quantity and